The true Fajr (18°) is the reference point for the prayer time. Under optimal conditions, the first faint light appears on the horizon, indicating the beginning of the Fajr prayer time. Prayers performed after this time are considered valid. However, there is an opinion to wait a little longer after this time to be sure that the time has indeed begun.
Sunrise by calculation. In most cases, it would already be too late for the Fajr prayer.
Asr
Asr begins when the shadow of an object is equal to its actual length plus the length of its shadow at the time of Dhuhr.
Asr (Hanafi)
Asr, according to one opinion in the Hanafi madhhab, begins when the shadow of an object becomes twice its actual length plus the length of its shadow during the Dhuhr prayer. It is noteworthy that this is just one opinion of the Hanafi madhhab. Not all Hanafis share this opinion. Countries like Turkey do not use this method.
End of Asr
The end of the Asr prayer occurs when the sunlight turns reddish and one can look directly at the sun with the naked eye. It is considered sinful to delay the prayer beyond this point. However, it remains obligatory to perform the Asr prayer until the time of the Maghrib prayer. In emergency situations, the prayer can still be performed after this time without it being considered a sin.
Midnight
The new day according to the solar calendar. Today, in sha Allah, the sun will set at -43.19° below the horizon. On some days this year, the sun will not descend more than 3.75°.
Islamic Midnight
The end of the Ishaa time. Islamic midnight refers to the midpoint between sunset (Maghrib) and dawn (Fajr). The midpoint between 5:17 PM and 7:38 AM is 12:28 AM. In northern latitudes the Ishaa in summer can be after the islamic midnight. In this case, Ishaa time extends until Fajr.
The last third of the night is considered a time of great importance in Islam and should be increasingly utilized for worship and supplication.
The Islamic night begins with Maghrib (5:17 PM) and ends with Fajr (7:38 AM). Therefore, this time refers to the period from 2:52 AM to Fajr.
When the sun's disk is at its zenith, the time during which voluntary prayers are forbidden begins. This period lasts until the start of Dhuhr.
Dhuhr
The Dhuhr prayer begins after the sun's disk has passed the zenith (highest point) and started to descend. It ends with the beginning of the Asr prayer time (the afternoon prayer).
Dhuhr According to the Shadow Length Method
According to this opinion, the Dhuhr prayer begins as soon as the shadow starts to lengthen again after the sun has reached its highest point. The prayer time thus begins when the shadow has extended by the smallest measurable amount, for example, 1 mm.
Sunset through calculation and thus the new day according to the Islamic calendar. In many cases, it would be too early to pray and too early to break the fast.
The Ishaa prayer begins after the disappearance of the redness of the evening twilight. This occurs approximately when the sun is 17 degrees below the horizon. Ishaa ends with the Islamic midnight.
The new day according to the solar calendar. Today, in sha Allah, the sun will set at -43.19° below the horizon. On some days this year, the sun will not descend lower than 3.75°.
His name is Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī (al-Zarqālah) al-Tujibi, and he passed away in the year 493 of the Hijrah, which corresponds to the year 1100. The instrument maker and astronomer from Andalusia. His astronomical instruments and works would continue to be used for another 400 years. The great astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus cited from his works...
He is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī (317h) and he was the greatest and most famous astronomer of the Islamic World. His works were significantly involved in the development of science and astronomy in the West. The great astronomers of history utilized his works, among them Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. He recognized the use of trigonometry in astronomy and laid the milestones for the further development of astronomy...
His name is Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni. He died in the year 440 after the Hijrah (1050). He is a great scholar and astronomer. And he is called the father of modern geodesy. Out of his 146 books, he dedicated 95 to astronomy, mathematics, and geography...